Summary
Iron deficiency anemia (IDA) is a widespread health concern, affecting roughly a third of the global population. Oral iron therapy remains the cornerstone of IDA treatment, yet absorption is often hindered by factors such as gastrointestinal (GI) conditions, inflammation, and dietary inhibitors. Vitamin C is biologically proposed to enhance iron absorption by converting ferric (Fe³⁺) to ferrous (Fe²⁺) form in the acidic environment of the gut. This systematic review and meta-analysis sought to assess whether co-supplementation with vitamin C provides a measurable hematologic advantage over iron alone.
Methods
A systematic search was conducted in four databases: MEDLINE, Embase, Web of Science, and Cochrane Central (up to July 2023). Eleven studies met inclusion criteria:
- 10 randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and 1 prospective cohort study, totaling 1,930 patients.
- Patient ages ranged from 1 to 39 years, and treatment durations varied between 45 and 180 days.
- The interventions used included ferrous ascorbate, ferrous fumarate, and ferrous sulfate, with vitamin C dosages ranging from 6.3 mg/kg to 200 mg daily.
Outcomes assessed:
- Primary: Change in hemoglobin (Hb)
- Secondary: Change in ferritin levels, reticulocyte percentage, and incidence of adverse events
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Results
Primary Outcome: Hemoglobin (Hb)
- 10 studies (n = 1,490) reported serum Hb levels.
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Vitamin C co-supplementation led to a statistically significant increase in Hb:
- Mean Difference (MD): 0.14 g/dL
- 95% Confidence Interval (CI): 0.08–0.20
- P < .01
- Heterogeneity: I² = 86%
- Despite statistical significance, the increase is clinically modest and possibly negligible.
Secondary Outcomes
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Serum Ferritin
- 9 studies (n = 1,682)
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Vitamin C addition resulted in:
- MD: 3.23 µg/L
- 95% CI: 1.63–4.84
- P < .01
- I² = 95%
- Although statistically significant, the increase in ferritin is small considering the wide normal reference range, raising questions about clinical significance.
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Reticulocyte Percentage
- 3 studies (n = 620)
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Co-supplementation led to:
- MD: 0.22%
- 95% CI: 0.08–0.36
- P = .002
- I² = 94%
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Adverse Events
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3 studies (n = 660) assessed side effects:
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Overall adverse events: No significant difference
- OR: 0.71, 95% CI: 0.50–1.00, P = .05, I² = 0%
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Constipation:
- OR: 0.83, 95% CI: 0.35–1.96, P = .66, I² = 0%
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Nausea/vomiting:
- OR: 0.80, 95% CI: 0.52–1.24, P = .32, I² = 40%
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GI irritation: Significantly reduced in vitamin C group
- OR: 0.40, 95% CI: 0.18–0.92, P = .03, I² = 0%
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Overall adverse events: No significant difference
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3 studies (n = 660) assessed side effects:
Risk of Bias
- 6 studies: low risk of bias
- 3 studies: some concerns
- 2 studies: high risk of bias, including one open-label RCT and one with multiple outcome measurements
Discussion
The results demonstrated a consistent but minimal statistical improvement in hematologic parameters (Hb, ferritin, and reticulocyte counts) with vitamin C co-supplementation. However, these benefits appear clinically insignificant:
- Hb increase of 0.14 g/dL is unlikely to impact patient outcomes.
- Ferritin levels showed a slight increase, yet remained within the variability of normal physiological ranges.
- The reduction in GI irritation may suggest improved tolerability, though based on a small sample size.
One possible reason for the limited impact is that oral iron alone may already be sufficient for restoring hemoglobin and iron stores in most patients. The vitamin C dose in most supplements (e.g., 80 mg in some formulations) may not exceed the effect of regular dietary intake of ascorbic acid.
These findings align with updated British Society of Gastroenterology guidelines, which no longer recommend vitamin C with iron due to lack of compelling evidence.
Strengths and Limitations
Strengths:
- Inclusion of 11 comparative studies, majority of which are level-1 RCTs
- Robust search strategy and dual-reviewer validation
- Focused clinical question with real-world relevance
Limitations:
- High heterogeneity across studies (I² > 80% for most outcomes)
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Variability in:
- Age groups (infants to adults)
- Formulations and dosing
- Severity of anemia
- Some studies had methodological weaknesses, including high risk of bias and inconsistent outcome measures.
For full details, refer to the original article: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bvth.2024.100023